Is This English???


2010年5月20日

時制 - Tense

時制で紛らわしいもの

■条件を表す副詞節は現在形(名詞句は違う)---------------------------
I will start when he comes.     SV
I don't know when he will come.   SVO

■agoとbefore-------------------------------------------------
//agoは現在を起点にし、過去で使う
That was happened ten minutes ago.

//beforeは過去か未来を起点にし、過去完了か未来で使う
When I came back to the office, everyone had left ten minutes before.

■Nowの表現-------------------------------------------------
//nowは現在、進行形、現在完了
He has finished writing a letter now.

//these days,nowadaysは現在形
They are indifferent to politics these days.

//recentlyは現在完了か過去形
He has been busy recently.

//just nowは過去を暗示
He finished writing a letter just now.

//right nowは現在、進行形
I'm doing this right now!

■時制の一致-------------------------------------------------
どの時点の事を言っているのかが決まるので注意が必要

//主は現在、従は過去
I think it was good.(思ったとき、過去のそれがよかった) 
Do you know it was him? / I know it was him.

//主は過去、従も過去(時制の一致)
I thought it was good.(思ったときとそれが良かったときが同じ時間) 
Did you know it was him? / I knew it was him.

//主が過去、従が現在
x)Did you know it is him? / I knew it is him.(これは普通ありえない)

==============================
しかし時制の一致を受けない文も結構ある、時制の一致では表現できないから
==============================
一致を受けさせようがない場合は一致させなくても良い
(文法を考えるより感覚の方が正しいことも多い)

I thought it is good.(現在もGoodならOK)

これはOK、文法は法則であり表現はその枠を超える
Did you know Taro is a student?←これは太郎がまだ生徒だとOK
Did you know Taro was a student?←これは太郎が現在生徒でないため時制の一致が発生

###時制の一致を受けない法則###
1)現在の状態・習性・職業などを表す(今も)
He told her yesterday that Taro is a college student.
I heard there is a party tonight.
U.S. Secretary said he believed the North Koreans already have some nuclear weapons.

2)不変の真理や社会通念をあらわす
I learned the earth moves around the sun.

3)歴史上の事実は常に過去形
Everyone knew that the World War 2 ended in 1945.

4)仮定法内の動詞
She wished she were a doctor to save her child.
==============================

//過去の未来 would
I thought it would be good.(ならあり得る?現在時点で過去の推量?)
I thought its gonna be good.(こっちはOKでしょう) 
Did you know it is him?(これは駄目) → Did you know it would be him? or Did you know its gonna be him?
I knew it is him.(これは駄目) → I knew it would be him. or I knew its gonna be him.


■使いこなしたい-------------------------------------------------
(現在形、現在進行形、未来形、過去形は簡単なので省略できる)
●完了形=現在を含めての経緯
  have been doingとhave doneの違い
   have been doingは強調:期間の長さor is doingが過去から今に続いていることを強調
●過去完了=過去と比べて古い場合につかう大過去(Parallelism:事前に大過去があって過去があることを意識)
  The concert had already started when we got to the theater.
  I lost my pen which I had bought.
●説明は全て現在形?
(現在形より未来の、現在形、進行形、未来形しか使えないから2~3ステップしか説明できない)
  例文)
    申込み用紙を書きAへ送信した後、Aは承認を上司に取ります。
    その後Aからメールが来ますので部門長に許可を取ります。
    その後権限が付与されます
    First of all we have to fill an application form out and send it to A.
    And then A asks the superviser for its approval.
    And then we gets an email from A then we gets the approval from a director.
    Finally we get the previledge for it.
   /// 前置詞等でリセットすれば未来形等の現在形以外を使っていても現在形に戻れる?
   A sends a request. B will check it. After checking C takes it.
●時制の一致
  どの時点の事を言っているのかが決まるので注意が必要
  /// 主は現在、従は過去
     I think it was good.(思ったとき、過去のそれがよかった) 
     Do you know it was him? / I know it was him.
  /// 主は過去、従も過去(時制の一致)
     I thought it was good.(思ったときとそれが良かったときが同じ時間)
     Did you know it was him? / I knew it was him.
  /// 主が過去、従が現在
     I thought it is good.(現在もGoodならOK、時制の一致では表現できない)
●助動詞(参考ページ: 助動詞
  be able to: できる(実証済み) > can: できる(実証していない場合も含む)
  going:すでに決まっている > will:つもり > would:するだろう
  may:50% > might:30% かも知れない、mayはより確度の高い許可の「してもよい」という意味もある
●IF文(参考ページ: IF & Wish
 ///  直接法(IF現在+現在/未来)
   If you accept our offer, we have a deal.(実現可能性100%)
   If you accept our offer, we will have a deal.(実現可能性80%)
   If you accept our offer, we may have a deal.(実現可能性60%)
   If you accept our offer, we must have a deal.(実現可能性110%強制の勢い)
  /// 仮定法過去(IF過去+過去助動詞: If I/he/she/it were)現在の願望を表す。するのになぁ。
   If you accepted our offer, we would have a deal.(実現可能性0%~)
   If you accepted our offer, we should have a deal.
   If you accepted our offer, we could have a deal.
   If you accepted our offer, we might have a deal.
  /// 仮定法過去完了(IF過去完了+過去助動詞過去完了) 過去の願望を表す。したのになぁ。
   If you had accepted our offer, we would have had a deal.したのになぁ(100%後悔)
   If you had accepted our offer, we should have had a deal.すべきだったのになぁ(200%後悔)
   If you had accepted our offer, we could have had a deal.できたのになぁ(60%実感)
   If you had accepted our offer, we might have had a deal.したかもなぁ(35%関心薄)

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